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INTERNATIONAL  BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS 

JOHN     BARRELTT.     OIREICTOR 
FRANCISCO  J.  YANES.  SECRETARY 


COTTON 


THE  MOST  WIDELY  USED  STAPLE 
IN  THE  WORLD 


(Reprint  of  an  article  from  the  Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  International 
Bureau  of  American  Republics,  April,  1 909) 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

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HISTORY 


International  bureau  of  American  republics 

^  JOHN     BARREITT.     D  I  R  El  C  T  O  R 

FRANCISCO  J.  YANES.  SECRETARY 


COTTON 


THE  MOST  WIDELY  USED  STAPLE 
IN  THE  WORLD 


(Reprint  of  an  article  from  the  Monthly  Bulletin  of  the  International 
Bureau  of  American  Republics,  April,  1 909) 


WASHINGTON.  D.  C. 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

1909 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/cottonmostwidelyOOinterich 


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WHEN  and  where  cotton  was  first  utilized  in  the  industrial 
and  commercial  activities  of  the  world  can  not  be  defi- 
nitely established.  It  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
cultivated  or  woven  into  fabrics  in  ancient  Egypt,  and 
expert  chemical  analysis  of  the  cloths  used  for  wrapping  Egyptian 
mummies  proves  that  these  materials  were  of  linen  and  not  cotton. 
The  records  of  India,  on  the  other  hand,  demonstrate  that  from  time 
immemorial  the  cotton  plant  was  cultivated  and  its  fiber  converted 
into  wearing  apparel,  and  employed  in  the  useful  and  ornamental 
arts.  Cotton  has  also  been  known  and  used  for  a  thousand  years,  at 
least,  in  China  and  Japan.  In  the  rich  literature  of  India  this  benefi- 
cent plant  is  hardly  more  than  incidentally  mentioned.  Its  textile 
value  and  uses  were  known  to  the  Hebrews  and  Phoenicians,  and 
probably,  through  the  latter,  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

The  Arabs  and  Saracens  introduced  cotton  into  western  Europe 
in  the  ninth  century,  but  it  was  not  until  the  fifteenth  century, 
when  merchants  of  Genoa  brought  cotton  to  England,  in  exchange 
for  woolen  goods,  that  its  possible  commercial  and  industrial  im- 
portance was  realized.  Although  Columbus  gives  no  description 
whatever  of  the  cotton  plant,  later  Spanish  and  Portuguese  ex- 
plorers found  cotton  garments  worn  and  cotton  extensively  culti- 
vated by  the  Indians  on  the  islands  of  the  West  Indies  and  in 
Mexico,  Peru,  and  Brazil.  Cortez  speaks  highly  of  the  skill  of  the 
Mexican  natives  in  cotton  weaving  and  spinning.  Pizarro  found 
cotton  fabrics  in  ancient  Peruvian  tombs  which  some  modern  archae- 
ologists trace  back  to  a  civilization  antedating  that  of  the  Incas. 

76021— Bull.  4—09 5  -599 


(Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  New  York.) 

CHINESE  PICKING  COTTON  ON   IRRIGATED  LAND  IN  PERU. 

Peru  is  famed  for  the  excellent  quality  and  fiber  of  its  cotton,  for  the  improved  production 
of  which  extensive  irrigation  works  are  being  constructed  in  the  Departments  of  Piiira  and 
Lima,  on  the  coast.  Chinese  labor  is  largely  employed,  being  cheap  and  efficient.  The  total 
exports  of  Peruvian  cotton  in  1907  were  valued  at  nearly  $3,000,000. 


COTTON  THE  MOST  WIDELY  USED  STAPLE  IN  THE  WORLD.         601 

Early  Portuguese  historians  describe  cotton  as  they  found  it  in 
Brazil. 

Gossypium^  the  scientific  and  botanical  name  for  the  cotton  family 
and  genus,  has  been  traced  back  to  the  Sanskrit  and  to  the  Latin 
Cossipium  (the  fleece  worn).  The  word  cotton  is  derived  from  the 
Arabic  qiitun^  which  originally  denoted  flax. 

The  cotton  plant  is  a  member  of  the  MalvcucecB  or  mallow  family, 
and  the  total  number  of  species  actually  existing  is  very  large.  In 
its  wild  state  it  is  apt  to  be  a  perennial,  but  when  cultivated  it  fre- 
quently becomes  an  annual.  In  size  the  plant  varies  from  less  than 
a  foot  high  to  16  or  more  feet.     The  flowers  are  either  single  or 


AN  EGYPTIAN  COTTON  FIELD. 

Egypt  stands  third  among  the  cotton-producing  countries  of  the  world,  being  ranked  only  by 
the  United  States  and  British  India.  Several  varieties  are  grown,  but  all  of  them  resemble  in 
many  respects  the  well-known  American  sea-island  species.  Although  the  United  States  is 
by  far  the  greatest  cotton-producing  country  in  the  world,  it  imports  large  quantities  of  Egyp- 
tian cotton,  averaging  nearly  54,000,000  pounds  annually  during  the  past  ten  years. 

in  clusters,  varying  greatly  in  size,  while  the  color  ranges  from  a 
yellowish  white  to  a  pale  yellow  and  a  rusty  red.  There  are  infinite 
variations  in  the  form  and  size  of  the  leaves,  some  being  smooth  and 
glossy  and  others  hairy,  but  they  are  always  lobed,  having  three,  five, 
or  seven  lobes.  What  is  known  as  the  "  boll  "  is,  for  manufacturing 
purposes,  the  most  important  part  of  the  plant,  as  it  contains  not  only 
the  seeds  but  also  the  floss.  The  pure  white  varieties  of  floss,  obtained 
by  careful  cultivation  and  selection,  are  preferred,  but  among  the 
brown  and  rust-colored  varieties  there  are  some  of  high  industrial 
value.     The  cotton  bud  develops  in  the  following  manner :  First,  the 


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COTTON  THE  MOST  WIDELY  USED  STAPLE  IN  THE  WORLD.         603 

flower;  then  the  matured  '*  boll  "  or  pod;  next,  the  hard  outer  cover- 
ing opens,  revealing  the  white  wool-like  material  within,  and,  finally, 
when  the  white  material  containing  the  seeds  is  removed  there  remain 
the  four  husks  of  the  boll. 

Cotton  is  primarily  a  native  of  the  tropics,  and  the  number  of 
species  diminish  rapidly  in  direct  ratio  to  their  distance  from  the 
equator.  The  cotton  plant,  whether  wild  or  cultivated,  is  found  in  a 
belt  of  land  encircling  the  globe  between  45°  north  latitude  and  30° 
south  latitude,  though  only  where  local  climatic  conditions  are 
favorable  can  cotton  be  raised  as  far  north  as  45°,  as  for  example 
in  Asiatic  Russia,  which  has  the  same  latitude  as  Massachusetts. 


BOLLS  OF  TRIUMPH  COTTON. 

The  chief  cotton-producing  areas  of  the  world  embrace:  In  the 
United  States,  the  Southern  States,  including  all  those  parallel  with 
or  south  of  North  Carolina,  as  far  west  as  New  Mexico;  practically 
all  of  British  India;  and  Egypt,  which  ranks  third  as  a  cotton- 
producing  country,  followed  by  Asiatic  Russia,  Central  China  and 
Japan,  Brazil,  Mexico,  and  Peru.  Among  other  countries  where  con- 
siderable quantities  of  cotton  are  grown,  or  can  be  grown,  are  Para- 
guay, Colombia,  Venezuela,  and  Central  America.  The  Latin- 
American  field  has  remarkable  possibilities. 

In  the  seventeenth  century  the  first  attempt  to  grow  cotton  was 
made  in  Virginia,  and  by  1653  the  staple  had  already  become  of  much 
national  importance  in  the  British  colonies  of  North  America. 


604      INTERNATIONAL   BUREAU    OF   THE   AMERICAN   REPUBLICS. 

Cotton  in  England  became  a  competitor  to  the  then  strongly- 
intrenched  woolen  industry,  and  its  manufacture  being  made  profit- 
able through  the  great  inventions  of  Arkwright  and  others,  it 
received  governmental  protection  and  encouragement.  Arkwright's 
and  other  English  patents  were  introduced  into  America,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  eighteenth  century  Whitney's  saw  gin  was  invented. 

Up  to  this  time  England  had  obtained  her  supplies  of  cotton 
chiefly  from  the  Levant,  the  West  Indies,  and  South  America,  but  at 
the  opening  of  the  nineteenth  century,  out  of  her  total  consumption 
of  54,000,000  pounds  of  raw  cotton,  India  furnished  6,500,000 
pounds  and  the  United  States  20,000,000  pounds.  By  the  middle  of 
the  century  Fall  River,  Massachusetts,  in  the  United  States,  and  Man- 
chester and  Lancashire,  in  England,  had  become  the  great  cotton 
manufacturing  centers  of  the  world.  India  was  also  coming  to  the 
front  as  a  producer  of  cotton. 

The  cotton  industry  in  the  United  States  was  terribly  paralyzed  by 
the  American  civil  war,  and  it  cost  the  Southern  States  thirteen  years 
to  regain  their  former  supremacy.  At  present  the  most  remarkable 
fact  in  regard  to  the  United  States  is  that  the  Southern  cotton-grow- 
ing States  are  becoming  rivals  of  the  Northern  noncotton-growing 
States,  and  particularly  New  England,  in  the  manufacturing  of  cot- 
ton textiles.  India  has  advanced  to  such  an  extent  as  a  cotton-manu- 
facturing country  that,  as  in  the  United  States,  the  demands  of  her 
own  mills  naturally  control  the  amount  of  raw  cotton  available  for 
export.  The  twentieth  century  is  characterized  by  the  rapidly  ad- 
vancing progress  of  cotton  manufacturing  in  the  United  States,  on 
the  Continent  of  Europe,  and  in  India,  which  countries  are  seriously 
menacing  the  supremacy  of  Great  Britain  in  the  cotton  markets  of  the 
world. 

The  beneficence  of  the  cotton  plant  as  an  agent  of  civilization  can 
hardlj^  be  overestimated.  Its  sudden  development  is  almost  unpar- 
alleled in  the  history  of  economic  products,  and  its  enormous  impor- 
tance to-day  in  the  agricultural,  commercial,  and  industrial  life  of 
the  world  renders  it  difficult  to  believe  that  scarcely  more  than  two 
hundred  years  ago  cotton  was  practically  unknown  to  the  civilized 
nations  of  the  West.  The  superiority  of  raw  cotton  for  the  purposes 
of  textile  manufacture  consists  in  the  fact  that  the  fiber  of  its  floss 
has  a  natural  twist,  possessed  by  no  other  vegetable  fibers,  which  ren- 
ders it  peculiarly  adaptable  for  spinning  and  weaving.  Out  of  its 
natural  wool  light  and  durable  clothing  is  made,  and  it  is  manufac- 
tured into  other  textile  articles  numerous  beyond  description.  Tex- 
tiles manufactured  from  a  mixture  of  cotton  and  wool  materially 
lessen  the  heat-retaining  properties  of  wool  and  furnish  garments  of 
a  medium  warmth,  while  cotton  and  silk,  or  cotton  and  linen,  when 


COTTON  THE  MOST  WIDELY  USED  STAPLE  IN  THE  WOELD. 


605 


interwoven,  23roduce  useful  and  pleasing  articles  of  apparel  and 
ornament.  Cotton  and  cotton  wool,  in  medicine,  surgery,  and  den- 
tistry, have  an  ever-increasing  number  of  applications.  Finally, 
goods  manufactured  out  of  cotton  are  relatively  cheap. 

The  usefulness  of  cotton  does  not  end  with  its  adaptability  for 
spinning  and  textile  manufacture.  Its  seeds  furnish  an  oil  which  is 
edible  and  of  industrial  value.     The  stems  and  leaves  furnish  an 


AN  OPEN  BOLL  OF  EGYPTIAN  COTTON. 

The  several  species  of  Egyptian  cotton  are  characterized  by  long  and 
very  strong  libers,  smooth  seeds,  small,  pointed,  three-locked  bolls, 
and  yellow  flowers.  Some  of  them  are  second  only  to  sea-island  cot- 
ton in  the  length,  fineness,  and  silkiness  of  their  fiber.  The  great 
strength  and  high  degree  of  twist  allow  the  production  of  a  very 
strong  yarn  in  manufacture,  and  they  bring  a  price  second  only  to 
that  paid  for  the  highest  grades  of  sea-island,  being  used  solely  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  finest  goods. 

admirable  fodder  for  live  stock.  Indeed,  there  is  no  portion  of  the 
plant  that  has  not  a  high  value.  Human  ingenuity  has  constantly 
discovered  new  applications  of  its  products,  notably,  the  manufacture 
of  gun  cotton,  a  highly  explosive  substance,  obtained  by  soaking 
cotton  in  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  and  then  leaving  it  to  dry.  This 
substance,  when  dissolved  in  a  mixture  of  rectified  ether  and  alcohol, 
yields  an  adhesive  liquid  called  collodion,  much  used  in  surgery. 


COTTON  THE  MOST  WIDELY  USED  STAPLE  IN  THE  WORLD.      607 

As  cotton  is  grown  in  so  many  independent  centers  within  the  geo- 
graphical belt  between  45°  north  and  30°  south  latitude,  and  many 
countries  make  no  record  of  the  production  within  their  own  areas, 
it  is  impossible  to  state  with  exactness  the  total  amount  annually  pro- 
duced and  consumed  in  the  world,  but  the  accompanying  table  gives 
an  idea  of  the  relative  consumption  in  the  leading  countries  engaged 
in  the  industry. 

The  cotton  plant  is  peculiarly  susceptible  to  a  variety  of  diseases 
and  pests,  one  of  the  most  formidable  being  the  boll-weevil  worm, 
which  came  from  Mexico  into  Texas  about  1893.  It  is  difficult  to 
calculate  the  exact  losses  entailed  by  armies  of  weevils  during  their 
incursions,  year  after  year,  into  the  cotton  belt  of  the  United  States. 
In  Texas  alone  it  was  estimated  that  in  1902  and  1903  over  $20,000,000 


OTHES  COWKTRIM  i.t% 


worth  of  cotton  was  destroyed  each  year  by  weevils  and  other  insect 
pests.  Through  the  investigations  and  efforts  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  cooperation  of  the  various  state 
governments  of  the  cotton-growing  area,  and  also  of  Mexico,  the 
ravages  of  these  pests  have  been  materially  reduced.  One  successful 
method  is  to  introduce  early  maturing  varieties  of  cotton,  and  by 
other  means  to  hasten  the  harvesting  of  crops.  Another  is  to  en- 
deavor to  discover  what  species,  whether  wild  or  cultivated,  have  the 
greatest  power  of  resistance.  An  eminent  naturalist,  Mr.  O.  F.  Cook, 
has  discovered  that,  probably  for  untold  centuries,  the  Indians  of 
Central  Guatemala  have  cultivated  a  perennial  variety  of  upland 
cotton  called  Kekchi,  in  spite  of  the  presence  of  numerous  boll 


'P  w  m  bi  5 


COTTON  THE  MOST  WIDELY  USED  STAPLE  IN  THE  WORLD.       609 

weevils.  The  climate  during  the  summer  has  a  prolonged  dry  season, 
which  is  a  natural  aid  against  weevils. 

Among  the  most  useful  varieties  of  the  cotton  plant  are  the  Sea 
Island  (of  long  staple)  ;  the  Uplands  (long  and  short  staples)  :  the 
Egyptian  cotton  (long  staple)  ;  and,  what  appears  to  be  one  of  the 
parent  stocks  of  the  Eg3^ptian,  the  Peruvian  {G.  Peruvianum) ,  the 
fibers  or  staples  of  which  are  exceptionally  long. 

Every  Republic  in  Latin  America  grows  cotton.  In  some  of  them — 
Peru,  for  instance — and  along  various  parts  of  the  Caribbean  coast, 
cotton  is  an  indigenous  plant,  and  was  used  by  the  natives  before  the 
discovery  of  America;  in  others  it  has  been  introduced  because  the 
soil  and  climate  were  found  to  be  particularly  well  adapted  to  all  the 
needs  and  requirements  of  successful  cultivation.  In  all  probability 
the  ancient  aqueducts  of  the  Incas,  by  which  the  whole  valley  of 
Chira  was  at  one  time  irrigated,  would  not  have  been  built  had  these 
aborigines  not  wished  to  use  the  land  for  cotton  growing.  A  mod- 
ern example  of  the  same  industrial  ambition  is  to  be  found  in  the 
famous  Laguna  district  of  Mexico,  in  which,  hardly  more  than  a 
generation  ago,  the  cotton  plant  was  little  known,  but  the  soil  and 
climate  of  the  locality  were  found  to  be  so  remarkably  suited  to  its 
cultivation  that  a  portion  of  the  immense  State  of  Coahuila  was  irri- 
gated, with  the  result  that  the  value  of  the  cotton  crop  now  runs  into 
the  millions  of  dollars  annually,  and  an  entirely  new  area  has  been 
peopled.  During  and  shortly  after  the  civil  war  in  the  United  States 
a  large  migration  from  the  South  took  place  to  Central  America, 
Colombia,  Venezuela,  the  Guianas,  and  Brazil,  and  the  colonists  were 
for  a  time  very  successful  in  planting  new  cotton  fields;  but  on  the 
declaration  of  peace,  many  returned  to  their  old  homes,  and  the 
industrial  activity,  due  to  their  settlement,  has  only  recently  been 
emulated  by  native  energy.  Now,  however,  with  the  increase  in  the 
demand  for  cotton,  the  popularity  of  its  textiles  in  all  directions  and 
the  growing  need  for  the  utilization  of  products  which  all  the  Repub- 
lics of  Latin  America  can  so  abundantly  supply,  these  cotton  areas 
of  the  Xew  World  are  attracting  decided  attention. 

Mexico,  Brazil,  and  Peru  are  the  three  Republics  in  which  cotton 
cultivation  has  the  widest  extension,  and  each  of  these  has  given  its 
name  to  a  particular  indigenous  species  of  the  plant.  The  plants 
cultivated  in  the  other  Republics  belong  to  some  one  of  these  species 
or  they  have  been  introduced  from  abroad  as  promising  better  results 
than  the  American  plant. 

In  Mexico  the  native  cotton  was  found  along  the  eastern  shore,  but 
every  State  in  the  Republic  can  grow  or  is  actually  growing  cotton 
to-day,  and  the  annual  yield  would  be  very  much  greater  even  than 
it  is  if  other  crops  did  not  prove  at  present  more  profitable. 


COTTON  THE  MOST  WIDELY  USED  STAPLE  IN  THE  WORLD.       611 

The  same  assertion  may  be  made  in  regard  to  Brazil.  Every  State 
has  its  cotton  fields,  but  only  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard  of  the 
mid-tropic  State  is  it  cultivated  sufficiently  to  form  a  staple  for 
export.  Almost  every  State  in  Brazil  also  has  cotton  mills,  and  these 
form  a  very  prosperous  industry  in  the  country..  One- third  the 
entire  industrial  capital  of  the  country,  representing  $60,000,000,  is 
invested  in  cotton  mills.  They  pay  substantial  profits  and  could 
consume  all  the  raw  cotton  produced,  although,  owing  to  the  con- 
figuration of  the  country,  it  is  often  easier  to  export  raw  cotton  than 
to  try  to  use  it  in  home  mills. 

The  average  value  of  Peruvian  cotton  is  about  $2,500,000  annu- 
ally, but  the  area  over  which  it  may  be  cultivated  is  by  no  means 
exhausted.  In  all  the  valleys  west  of  the  Andes  both  climate  and  soil 
are  remarkably  favorable,  and  it  is  only  a  question  of  time,  coupled 
with  sufficient  labor,  when  Peru  will  rank  among  the  great  cotton- 
producing  and  probably  manufacturing  countries  of  the  world. 

Paraguay  is  naturally  a  great  cotton  country  with  as  high  a  pro- 
duction per  acre,  where  cultivation  is  systematically  carried  out,  as 
that  of  older  and  better-known  lands.  The  plant  grows  spontane- 
ously here,  and  the  raw  cotton  is  finding  profitable  export  to  the 
Argentine  Republic  and  Brazil.  The  Government  is  taking  wise 
steps  to  encourage  the  industry  by  offering  suitable  encouragement 
to  immigrants  who  will  settle  on  cotton  lands  and  by  arranging  for 
a  suitable  plan  whereby  the  raw  cotton  may  find  a  foreign  market. 
It  is  predicted  that  within  a  few  years  Paraguay  will  be  able  to 
export  cotton  to  the  amount  of  $100,000,000  annually. 

Although  the  cotton  crops  of  the  other  Republics  have  not  yet 
assumed  such  proportions  that  they  can  be  reckoned  by  percentages 
among  the  total  output  of  the  world,  yet  in  the  aggregate  they  amount 
to  a  noticeable  figure.  All  Central  America  grows  cotton;  Panama 
has  valleys  that  can  be  brought  under  cultivation  whenever  the  de- 
mand arises;  the  West  Indian  Islands  all  have  profitable  cotton  areas; 
every  country  north  of  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  is  blessed  with  large 
tracts,  either  near  the  sea  or  in  the  sheltered  valleys  of  the  fertile 
uplands,  where  cotton  is  cultivated  for  local  use  or  with  greater  scien- 
tific regard  than  characterized  its  growth  a  generation  ago.  Even 
Chile  and  the  Argentine  Republic,  within  the  Temperate  Zone,  are 
giving  careful  attention  to  cotton  as  a  profitable  agricultural  product 
for  the  future,  and  both  Republics  are  exporting  cotton  as  well  as 
manufacturing  it.  It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  when  the  cotton- 
bearing  areas  of  the  rest  of  the  world,  such  as  are  used  to-day  or  are 
known  to  be  susceptible  of  cultivation,  are  in  full  yield,  the  soil  and 
climate  of  Latin  America  will  be  found  peculiarly  adapted  by  nature, 
and  still  more  enhanced  by  the  art  of  man,  for  the  profitable  produc- 
tion of  cotton. 


COTTON   THE    MOST    WIDELY     USED    STAPLE    IN    THE    WORLD. 


613 


A  striking  feature  of  the  cotton  industry  deserves  attention.  As 
has  been  noticed,  all  Latin  America  is  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  cot- 
ton plant,  and  in  many  instances  areas  for  its  cultivation  have  been 
for  centuries  utilized.  Before  the  time  of  modern  commerce  the 
manufacture  of  the  raw  material  into  the  finished  product  was 
necessarily  a  matter  of  domestic  activity,  but  as  the  mechanical  arts 
progressed  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  raw  cotton  was  exported, 
manufactured  abroad  into  cloth,  and  as  such  imported  by  the  coun- 
try growing  it.  The  United  States  even  to-day  continues  this  prac- 
tice, as  great  quantities  of  raw  cotton  are  exported  to  the  spindles 
of  Europe  to  be  returned  transformed  into  delicate  fabrics.  The 
same  process  is  going  on  in  Latin  America.  The  factories  of  these 
countries  can  not  keep  pace  with  the  demand  for  cloth,  especially 
that  of  the  finer  grades,  resulting  from  the  increased  standard  of 
living.  It  happens,  therefore,  that  cotton  countries  still  import  cotton 
goods,  and  will  continue  to  do  so.  Brazil  uses  $33,000,000  of  foreign- 
made  cotton  cloth;  Argentina,  $30,000,000;  Chile,  $13,000,000;  Cuba, 
$8,000,000;  Mexico,  $7,000,000;  Peru,  $3,000,000  annually.  Only  a 
small  fraction  of  this  is  in  competition  with  the  product  of  the 
domestic  spindles;  the  larger  portion  is  used  to  meet  the  increasing 
demand,  or  is  the  highest  grade  class  of  fabric,  which  must  bear  a 
foreign  stamp.  Therefore  this  market  is  open  to  the  world.  By 
degrees  all  America  will  develop  its  cotton  manufacturing  industry; 
the  production  of  native  cotton  will  more  and  more  be  utilized  in 
the  local  mill,  but  until  that  period  arrives  the  increasing  population 
of  every  country  will  have  to  be  supplied  with  the  finished  cloth  from 
cotton. 


JUN161914 


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